Biography of alexandre petion quotes
Alexandre Pétion
Haitian revolutionary; 1st President of the Republic of Haiti (–18)
"Pétion" redirects here. For the French politician, see Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve.
For the Haitian Navy gunboat, see Haitian ship Alexandre Pétion.
Alexandre Sabès Pétion (French pronunciation:[alɛksɑ̃dʁsabɛspetjɔ̃]; 2 April – 29 March ) was the first president of the Republic of Haiti from until his death in One of Haiti's founding fathers, Pétion belonged to the revolutionary quartet that also includes Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, and his later rival Henri Christophe.
Biography of alexandre petion quotes images: Petit, Roland. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia. At that time, most free people of color did not support freedom or political rights for enslaved Africans and free blacks. On October 6, , Dessalines declared himself ruler for life and was crowned emperor.
Regarded as an excellent artilleryman in his early adulthood,[3] Pétion would distinguish himself as an esteemed military commander with experience leading both French and Haitian troops. The coalition formed by him and Dessalines against French forces led by Charles Leclerc would prove to be a watershed moment in the decade-long conflict, eventually culminating in the decisive Haitian victory at the Battle of Vertières in [3]
Early life
Pétion was born "Anne Alexandre Sabès" in Port-au-Prince to Pascal Sabès, a wealthy French father and Ursula, a free mulatto woman,[4] which made him a quadroon (a quarter African ancestry).[5][6] Like other gens de couleur libres (free people of color) with wealthy fathers, Pétion was sent to France in to be educated and study at the Military Academy in Paris.[7]
In Saint-Domingue, as in other French colonies such as Louisiane, the free people of color constituted a third caste between the whites and enslaved Africans.
While restricted in political rights, many received social capital from their fathers and became educated and wealthy landowners, resented by the petits blancs, who were mostly minor tradesmen. Following the French Revolution, the gens de couleur led a rebellion to gain the voting and political rights which they believed were due them as French citizens; this was before the slave rebellion.
At that time, most free people of color did not support freedom or political rights for slaves.[citation needed]
Haitian Revolution
Pétion returned to Saint-Domingue as a young man to take part in the Haitian Revolution, participating in skirmishes with the British force in Northern Haiti. Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, who was the Secretary of State for War to prime minister William Pitt the Younger, instructed Sir Adam Williamson, the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica, to sign an agreement with representatives of the French colonists that promised to restore the ancien regime, slavery and discrimination against mixed-race colonists, a move that drew criticism from abolitionists William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson.[8][9]
There had long been racial and class tensions between the gens de couleur and enslaved and free blacks in Saint-Domingue, where the enslaved black population outnumbered the white and gens de couleur by ten to one.
During the years of warfare against French planters (commonly referred to as grands blancs), racial tensions in Saint-Domingue were exacerbated in competition for power and political alliances.[7]
When tensions arose between full blacks and mulattoes, Pétion frequently supported the mulatto faction. He allied with General André Rigaud and Jean-Pierre Boyer against Toussaint Louverture in a failed rebellion, the so-called "War of Knives", in the South of Saint-Domingue, which began in June By November, the rebels were pushed back to the strategic southern port of Jacmel; the defence was commanded by Pétion.
The town fell in March and the rebellion was effectively over.
Pétion and other mulatto leaders went into exile in France.[7]
In February , General Charles Leclerc arrived with tens of warships and 32, French troops to bring Saint-Domingue under more control. Gens de couleur Petion, Boyer, and Rigaud returned with him in the hope of securing power in the colony.[7]
Following the French deportation of Toussaint Louverture and the renewed struggle, Pétion joined the nationalist force in October This followed a secret conference at Arcahaie, where Pétion supported Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the general who had captured Jacmel.
The rebels took the capital of Port-au-Prince on October 17, Dessalines proclaimed independence on 1 January , naming the nation Haiti. On 6 October , Dessalines declared himself ruler for life and was crowned Emperor of Haiti as Jacques I.[7]
Post-revolution
Disaffected members of Emperor Dessalines's administration, including Pétion and Henri Christophe, began a conspiracy to overthrow Dessalines.
Following the assassination of Dessalines on 17 October , Pétion championed the ideals of democracy and clashed with Henri Christophe who wanted absolute rule. Christophe was elected president, but he did not believe the position had sufficient power, as Pétion kept powers for himself. Christophe went to the north with his followers and established an autocracy, declaring the State of Haiti.
The loyalties of the country divided between them, and the tensions between the blacks and mulattoes of the North and South, respectively, were reignited.
Pétion was elected President in of the southern Republic of Haiti.
Alexandre petion Preceded by Jacques I as Emperor. The banknote is colored in shades of red, white, and green. In February , General Charles Leclerc arrived with tens of warships and 82, French troops to bring Saint-Domingue under more control. Following the French Revolution of , the gens de couleur led a rebellion to gain the voting and political rights which they believed were due them as French citizens; this was before the slave uprising ofAfter the inconclusive struggle dragged on until , a peace treaty was agreed to, and the country was split in two. In , Christophe made himself king of the northern Kingdom of Haiti.
On 2 June , Pétion modified the terms of the presidency in the constitution, making himself president for life.[10] Initially a supporter of democracy, Pétion found the constraints imposed on him by the senate onerous and suspended the legislature in [11]
Pétion seized commercial plantations from the rich gentry.
He had the land redistributed to his supporters and the peasantry, earning him the nickname Papa Bon-Cœur ("good-hearted father"). The land seizures and changes in agriculture reduced the production of commodities for the export economy. Most of the population became full subsistence farmers, and exports and state revenue declined sharply, making survival difficult for the new state.[12]
Believing in the importance of education, Pétion started the Lycée Pétion in Port-au-Prince.
Petion's virtues and ideals of freedom and democracy for the world (and especially slaves) were strong, and he often showed support for the oppressed. He gave sanctuary to the independence leader Simón Bolívar in and provided him with material and infantry support. This vital aid played a defining role in Bolivar's success in liberating the countries of what would make up Gran Colombia.[13] Petion was reported to be influenced by his (and his successor's) lover, Marie-Madeleine Lachenais, who acted as his political adviser.[14]
Pétion named General Boyer as his successor as president of the Republic of Haiti; he took control in following the death of Pétion from yellow fever.
After Henri Christophe of the Kingdom of Haiti and his son died in , Boyer reunited the nation under his rule.
References
- ^Mellen, Joan (November ). Our Man in Haiti: George de Mohrenschildt and the CIA in the Nightmare Republic.Biography of alexandre petion quotes Klaus Eberwein. Heinl, Jr. Read Edit View history. Dessalines proclaimed independence on 1 January , naming the nation Haiti.
Trine Day. p.&#;7. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 14 December
- ^Fombrun, Odette Roy, ed. (). "History of The Haitian Flag of Independence"(PDF). The Flag Heritage Foundation Monograph And Translation Series Publication No. 3. p.&#; Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March Retrieved 24 December
- ^ abPerry, James ().Biography of alexandre petion quotes on life In February , General Charles Leclerc arrived with tens of warships and 82, French troops to bring Saint-Domingue under more control. Christophe went to the north with his followers and established an autocracy, declaring the State of Haiti. March 29, aged 47 Port-au-Prince , Haiti. Peterson, Seth —.
Arrogant Armies: Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them. Edison: CastleBooks. pp.&#;72,
- ^Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (). "The New American Encyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge XIII". p.&#; Retrieved 15 September
- ^Barnard, Frederick A.
P.; Arnold Guyot, eds. (). Johnson's (revised) Universal Cyclopaedia: A Scientific and Popular Treasury of Useful Knowledge. Vol.&#;6. A.J. Johnson & Co. p.&#; Retrieved 15 September
- ^Battier, Alcibiade Fleury; Rafina, Gesner (). "Sous les Bambous: Poésies" (in French).
p.&#; Retrieved 15 September
- ^ abcdeFenton, Louise, Pétion, Alexander Sabès () in Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of slave resistance and rebellion. Vol. 2. Greenwood Publishing Group, p
- ^James, C.
L. R., The Black Jacobins (London: Penguin, ), p.
- ^Geggus, David, Slavery, War and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint Domingue, – (New York: Clarendon Press, ).
- ^"Constitution of Haiti from 27 December , and its revision from 2 June , year 13 of independence". Saint Marc. p.&#;Article
- ^Senauth, Frank ().Biography of alexandre petion quotes on death Retrieved 14 December More From encyclopedia. Following the French Revolution of , the gens de couleur led a rebellion to gain the voting and political rights which they believed were due them as French citizens; this was before the slave uprising of P No:.
The Making and the Destruction of Haiti. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^Jenson, Deborah (). Beyond the slave narrative: politics, sex, and manuscripts in the Haitian revolution. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^Marion, Alexandre Pétion; Ignace Despontreaux Marion; Simón Bolívar ().
Expédition de Bolivar (in French). Port-au-Prince: De l'imp. de Jh. Courtois.
- ^"Femmes d'Haïti - Marie-Madeleine (Joute) Lachenais". Archived from the original on 24 September Retrieved 5 August